Effects of progressive load training on sprinters' cardiorespiratory endurance / Efeitos do treinamento com cargas progressivas na resistência cardiorrespiratória de velocistas / Efectos del entrenamiento con cargas progresivas en la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de velocistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The most evident change during exercise is the increase in oxygen demand, and prolonged high-intensity exercises may impact this even more on this demand. Physical training with progressive loads is a method that aims to reach the training goals by adjusting factors such as initial load, stage load, and a load of the athletes and can be a monitor of the aerobic and anaerobic exercise on the athlete with potential benefits for the high demand of oxygenation. Objective: Study the changes in heart rate and indexes of cardiorespiratory endurance of sprinters under training with progressive loads. Methods: By random sampling, the study subjects were 15 male sprinters and 15 non-sportsmen as research volunteers. The study subjects performed a protocol with progressive load training on a platform. All subjects underwent the Italian Kosmai cardiopulmonary function test before and after training. Results: The subjects who did not practice the sport showed VO2 max values at an exercise intensity of 13 km/h. The VO2 max maximum for sprinters was 15 km/h. Individuals who were not sprinters generally showed lower VT levels than sprinters (P <0.05). Average non-speeder individuals demonstrated higher MET scores than sprinters. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary endurance and energy metabolism levels are strongly related to long-term participation in physical activity and exercise intensity. Incremental load training improved cardiorespiratory fitness in sprinters. The results may provide a specific theoretical basis for the daily training of sprinters in the future. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A alteração mais evidente durante o exercício é o aumento da demanda de oxigênio e os exercícios prolongados de alta intensidade podem impactar ainda mais nessa demanda. O treinamento físico com cargas progressivas é um método que visa atingir as metas de treinamento ajustando fatores como carga inicial, carga de estágio e uma carga dos atletas e pode ser um monitor do exercício aeróbico e anaeróbico sobre o atleta com potenciais benefícios para a alta demanda de oxigenação. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações na frequência cardíaca e nos índices de resistência cardiorrespiratória de velocistas sob treinamento com cargas progressivas. Métodos: Selecionou-se 15 velocistas do sexo masculino e 15 homens que não praticavam o esporte como voluntários de pesquisa por amostragem aleatória. Os sujeitos do estudo realizaram um protocolo com treinamento de cargas progressivas em plataforma. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos ao teste de função cardiopulmonar Italian Kosmai antes e após o treinamento. Resultados: Os indivíduos que não praticavam o esporte apresentaram valores de VO2max em uma intensidade de exercício de 13 km/h. O VO2max máximo para velocistas foi de 15 km/h. Indivíduos que não eram velocistas em geral apresentaram níveis de VT mais baixos do que os velocistas (P <0,05). Os não velocistas médios demonstraram pontuações MET mais altas do que os velocistas. Conclusão: A resistência cardiopulmonar e os níveis de metabolismo energético estão fortemente relacionados com a participação a longo prazo na atividade física e intensidade do exercício. O treinamento de carga incremental melhorou a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em velocistas. Os resultados podem fornecer uma base teórica específica para o treinamento diário de velocistas no futuro. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La alteración más evidente durante el ejercicio es el aumento de la demanda de oxígeno y los ejercicios prolongados de alta intensidad pueden incidir aún más en esta demanda. El entrenamiento físico con cargas progresivas es un método que pretende alcanzar los objetivos de entrenamiento ajustando factores como la carga inicial, la carga por etapas y la carga de los atletas y puede ser un monitor del ejercicio aeróbico y anaeróbico en el atleta con beneficios potenciales para la alta demanda de oxigenación. Objetivo: Estudiar las alteraciones en la frecuencia cardíaca y en los índices de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de los velocistas bajo tratamiento con cargas progresivas. Métodos: Seleccionamos a 15 velocistas masculinos y a 15 hombres no practicantes como voluntarios de la investigación mediante un muestreo aleatorio. Los sujetos se sometieron a un protocolo con entrenamiento de carga progresiva en plataforma. Todos los sujetos fueron sometidos a la prueba de función cardiopulmonar de Kosmai italiano antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: Los sujetos que no practicaban el deporte presentaron valores de VO2máx a una intensidad de ejercicio de 13 km/h. El VO2máx de los velocistas era de 15 km/h. Los individuos que no eran velocistas en general mostraron niveles de VT más bajos que los velocistas (P <0,05). La media de los no-principiantes mostró mayores puntuaciones MET que los velocistas. Conclusión: Los niveles de resistencia cardiopulmonar y de metabolismo energético están fuertemente relacionados con la participación a largo plazo en la actividad física y la intensidad del ejercicio. El entrenamiento de carga incremental mejoró la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria de los velocistas. Los resultados pueden proporcionar una base teórica específica para el entrenamiento diario de los velocistas en el futuro. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Resistance training effects on fatigue in runners / Efeitos do treino de resistência sobre a fadiga dos corredores / Efectos del ejercicio de resistencia en la fatiga de los corredores

ABSTRACT Introduction Start-up belongs to the group of fast combination exercises involving power and speed dominated by the short-term exhaustion of the whole body's power aiming at its displacement at high speed to obtain good results in competition. It is very important to master the technique correctly and to distribute the power reasonably for the acceleration of the start. Objective Explore the effect of aerobic endurance training on speed strength in starts. Methods Taking 16 high-level runners from a university sports team as research objects, 16 athletes were tested according to their test indicators; they were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group (8 people each in the experimental group and the control group). Results According to the post-test results of the experiment, the athletic performance of both groups of runners after training was improved, but the improvement in the experimental group was more evident and significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Start-up aerobic endurance training is very useful for improving endurance and speed in runners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O arranque pertence ao grupo de exercício de combinação rápida envolvendo potência e velocidade dominado pela exaustão a curto prazo da potência de todo o corpo objetivando seu deslocamento em alta velocidade a fim de obter bons resultados na competição. É muito importante dominar a técnica corretamente e distribuir a energia razoavelmente para a aceleração do arranque. Objetivo Explorar o efeito do treinamento de resistência aeróbica sobre a força da velocidade em arranques. Métodos Tomando 16 corredores de alto nível de uma equipe esportiva universitária como objetos de pesquisa, 16 atletas foram testados, de acordo com seus indicadores de teste, eles foram designados aleatoriamente ao grupo experimental e ao grupo de controle (8 pessoas no grupo experimental e 8 no grupo de controle). Resultados De acordo com os resultados do pós-teste do experimento, o desempenho atlético dos dois grupos de corredores após o treinamento foi melhorado, mas a melhoria no grupo experimental foi mais evidente e significativa (p<0,05). Conclusão O treinamento de resistência aeróbica para arranque é muito útil para a melhoria da resistência e velocidade dos atletas corredores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El arranque pertenece al grupo de ejercicios combinados rápidos de potencia y velocidad dominados por el agotamiento a corto plazo de la potencia de todo el cuerpo con el objetivo de su desplazamiento en alta velocidad para obtener buenos resultados en la competición. Es muy importante dominar la técnica correctamente y distribuir la energía razonablemente para la aceleración de la salida. Objetivo Explorar el efecto del entrenamiento de resistencia aeróbica sobre la fuerza de velocidad en las salidas. Métodos Tomando como objeto de investigación a 16 corredores de alto nivel de un equipo deportivo universitario, se realizaron pruebas a 16 atletas que, según sus indicadores de prueba, fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo experimental y al grupo de control (8 personas en el grupo experimental y 8 en el grupo de control). Resultados Según los resultados de la prueba posterior al experimento, el rendimiento atlético de ambos grupos de corredores después del entrenamiento mejoró, pero la mejora en el grupo experimental fue más evidente y significativa (p<0,05). Conclusión El entrenamiento de resistencia aeróbica de arranque es muy útil para mejorar la resistencia y la velocidad de los corredores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of treatment outcomes of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis aged 65 and above in Chongqing from 2015 to 2020 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To analyze the treatment outcomes of elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Chongqing, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control strategies of the epidemic of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods　The data of tuberculosis cases aged ≥65 years in Chongqing from 2015 to 2020 were collected from the National Health Insurance Information Project Disease Prevention and Control Information system. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Results The registration rates of elderly active pulmonary tuberculosis patients and etiological positive patients were 110.95/10-5and 32.25/10-5 in 2015 and 84.06/10-5 and 57.29/10-5 in 2020. The annual decline rate of active tuberculosis registration was 5.40%, and the annual increase rate of pathogenic-positive tuberculosis registration was 12.18%. The registration rates of active tuberculosis patients and etiological positive patients in the whole population were 70.75/10-5 and 17.63/10-5 in 2015 and 50.34/10-5 and 29.14/10-5 in 2020. The annual decline rate of active tuberculosis registration was 6.58%, and the annual increase rate of pathogenic-positive tuberculosis registration was 10.57%. From 2015 to 2020, a total of 25 931 cases of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis were registered, of which 21 374 (82.43%) cases were successfully treated and 4 010 (15.80%) cases had unfavorable outcomes. The proportion of cured and death patients showed an increasing trend year by year (χ2trend=313.853, 100.502, P<0.01). From 2015 to 2020, the average annual successful treatment rate of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis in the whole city was 82.43%, with the lowest rate in southeast Chongqing (74.23%), followed by urban areas (81.99%). The success rate of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis treatment in the whole city, west Chongqing, northeast Chongqing and southeast Chongqing showed a downward trend year by year (χ2trend=230.199, 35.278, 108.076, 112.130, all P<0.01), with annual decline rates of 2.77%, 2.26%, 3.0% and 4.12%, respectively. Among the registered elderly patients, female, 65-<75 years old, Han nationality, newly diagnosed, no complications, and negative for etiology (χ2=15.234, 255.910, 146.842, 179.998, 25.575, 131.170, P<0.01) had higher success treatment rates. Conclusions The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly population in Chongqing City is declining, but the positive registration rate of etiology is increasing annually, and the success rate of treatment is decreasing. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the systematic management, publicity and education of elderly patients (especially those in southeast Chongqing, male, positive patients and severe patients) to effectively control the epidemic of tuberculosis in the elderly.

Demethylzeylasteral (T-96) initiates extrinsic apoptosis against prostate cancer cells by inducing ROS-mediated ER stress and suppressing autophagic flux

BACKGROUND: Demethylzeylasteral (T-96) is a pharmacologically active triterpenoid monomer extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) that has been reported to exhibit anti-neoplastic effects against several types of cancer cells. However, the potential anti-tumour effects of T-96 against human Prostate cancer (CaP) cells and the possible underlying mechanisms have not been well studied. RESULTS: In the current study, T-96 exerted significant cytotoxicity to CaP cells in vitro and induced cell cycle arrest at S-phase in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, T-96 promoted the initiation of autophagy but inhibited autophagic flux by inducing ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which subsequently activated the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in CaP cells. These findings implied that T-96-induced ER stress activated the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway to inhibit proliferation of CaP cells. Moreover, we observed that T-96 enhances the sensitivity of CaP cells to the chemotherapeutic drug, cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data demonstrated that T-96 is a novel modulator of ER stress and autophagy, and has potential therapeutic applications against CaP in the clinic.

Effect of calcium dobesilate in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the protective effect of calcium dobesilate against contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: A total of 130 patients with diabetes and CKD estimated glomerular filtration rate: 30-90 mL/min/1.73m2 were enrolled and included in the analysis. They were divided into experimental (n=65) and control groups (n=65). Patients in the experimental group were administered oral calcium dobesilate (500 mg) three times daily for 2 days before and 3 days after the procedure. The serum creatinine (SCr), cystatin C (Cys C), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were measured before and after the procedure. RESULTS: The mean SCr level at 24h after the procedure was found to be significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (79.1±19.6 μmol/L vs. 87.0±19.3 μmol/L, p=0.023). However, the Cys C and NGAL levels were not significantly different between the two groups at all measurement time points (all p>0.05). The incidence of CIN defined by the SCr level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (3 [4.6%] vs. 13 [20.0%], p=0.017). However, the incidence of CIN defined by the Cys C level was not statistically different between the two groups (7 [10.8%] vs. 7 [10.8%], p=1.000). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that calcium dobesilate has no preventive effect against CIN in patients with diabetes and CKD.

Combined Use of Single-balloon Enteroscope and Colonoscope for Self-expandable Metal Stent Placement in Patients with Malignant Small Intestinal Obstruction: a Single-center Comparative Clinical Observation / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Small intestinal obstruction is a common complication of primary gastrointestinal cancer or metastatic cancers.Patients with this condition are often poor candidates for surgical bypasses,and placement of self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) can be technically challenging.In this study,we examined the feasibility of combined application of single-balloon enteroscope (SBE) and colonoscope for SEMS placement in patients with malignant small intestinal obstruction.Thirty-four patients were enrolled in this study,among which 22 patients received SEMS placement by using SBE and colonoscope,while the other 12 patients received conservative medical treatment.The patients were followed up for one year.Stent placernent was technically feasible in 95.5％ (21/22).Clinical improvement was achieved in 86.4％ (19/22).For the 19 clinical success cases,the average time of benefits from a gastric outlet obstruction scoring system (GOOSS) increase ≥1 was 111.9±89.5 days.For the 12 patients receiving conservative medical treatment,no significant improvement in GOOSS score was observed.Moreover,a significant increase of Short-Form-36 health survey score was observed in the 19 patients at time of 30 days after stent placement.By Kaplan-Meier analysis,a significant survival improvement was observed in patients with successful SEMS placement,compared with patients receiving conservative medical treatment.Taken together,combined use of SBE and colonoscope makes endoscopic stent placement feasible in patients with malignant small intestinal obstruction,and patients can benefit from it in terms of prolonged survival and improved quality of life.

Virulence determinants and drug resistance mechanisms of two linezolid-intermediate Enterococcus faecalis isolates from bloodstream infection / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study virulence factors and drug resistance mechanism of linezolid-intermediate Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis) isolated from patients with bloodstream infection.Methods Two linezolid-intermediate E.faecalis strains,namely A and B,were isolated from two patients with bloodstream infection,the treatment of two patients was analyzed.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of linezolid and vancomycin were determined.The virulence genes (esp,asa1,gelE,ace,agg,efaA,cylA,and hyl) and linezolid resistance genes (domain V region of the 23SrRNA,cfr,cfr[B],optrA) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).PCR products of domain V region of 23SrRNA gene were sequenced and analyzed.Results Symptoms of two patients who isolated two linezolid-intermediate E.faecalis strains were controlled after accepted linezolid therapy.Strains A and B were both susceptible to vancomycin(MICs were 1μg/mL and 4μg/mL respectively),teicoplain,ampicillin,and nitrofurantoin,while intermediate to linezolid(MIC were both 4μg/mL).Two strains both contained multiple virulence factors,strain A were negative for cylA and hyl,strain B were negative for hyl and esp,but positive for other virulence genes.There was G2621T mutation in domain V region of 23SrRNA in strain A,and no variation was found in strain B.Drug resistance genes of cfr,cfr(B),and optrA were all negative in both strain A and B.Conclusion In the present study,two linezolid-intermediate E.faecalis strains isolated from patients with bloodstream infection were susceptible to vancomycin and ampicillin,although the treatment of linezolid in two patients is effective,the utilization of linezolid therapy in clinical practice still needs to be cautious.The mutation of target site is a significant resistance mechanism,it is necessary for us to pay more attention to these clinical strains which are non-susceptible to such antimicrobial agents,and the treatment strategy needs further study.

Bloodstream Infections Caused by Enterococcus spp: A 10-year Retrospective Analysis at a Tertiary Hospital in China / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to discover the risk factors for 30-day mortality in bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by Enterococcus spp.strains,we explored the clinical and therapeutic profile of patients with Enterococcus spp.BSI and the characteristics of this condition.A total of 64 patients with BSI caused by Enterococcus spp.who were treated in our hospital between 2006 and 2015 were included in the study.The clinical features of patients,microbiology,and 30-day mortality were collected from the electronic medical records database and analyzed.The results showed that there were 38 patients infected by Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis),24 by Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium),1 by Enterococcus casseliflavus (E.casseliflavus),and 1 by Enterococcus gallinarum (E.gallinarum).A Charlson comorbidity score ≥5,corticosteroid treatment,placement of catheters or other prosthetic devices and history of antibiotic use were found more frequently in E.faecium BSI patients than in E.faecalis patients (P=0.017,P=0.027,P=0.008 and P=0.027,respectively).Furthermore,the univariate and multivariate analysis showed that corticosteroid treatment (OR=17.385,P=0.008),hospital acquisition (OR=16.328,P=0.038),and vascular catheter infection (OR=14.788,P=0.025) were all independently associated with 30-day mortality.Our results indicate that E.faecalis and E.faecium are two different pathogens with unique microbiologic characteristics,which cause different clinical features in BSI,and the empiric antimicrobial treatments are paramount for patients with enterococcal BSI.

Identifying potential pitfalls in interpreting mitochondrial DNA mutations of male infertility cases.

Background & objectives: Recently, a significantly higher ratio of nucleotide changes in the mtDNA genes: COII, ATPase 6, ATPase 8, ND2, ND3, ND4, and ND5 was reported in spermatozoa from populations of infertile Indian men, compared suggesting that screening for mtDNA mutations could provide insight into the aetiology of male infertility. In this study, we examined the published data and found serious errors in the original acquisition and analysis of the data. Methods: The mtDNA data associated with male infertility in Indian populations were retrieved from the published sources. The mtDNA substitution values of infertile and control groups were evaluated using phylogenetic methods and previously published mtDNA phylogenies. Results: Most of the mtDNA polymorphisms reported as significantly correlated with infertility were more commonly found in general populations. Further, our analysis showed that some of the mtDNA substitutions were erroneously overestimated in the infertile groups and underestimated in the control groups, and vice-versa. Interpretation & conclusions: Contrary to earlier claims, our analysis demonstrated no significant association between the mtDNA polymorphisms and male infertility in these studies. Further, these errors in the published data impune the usefulness of mitochondrial molecular analyses in male infertility diagnosis.

Combined monitoring of evoked potentials during microsurgery for lesions adjacent to the brainstem and intracranial aneurysms / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Neurophysiologic monitoring during surgery is to prevent permanent neurological injury resulting from surgical manipulation. To improve the accuracy and sensitivity of intraoperative neuromonitoring, combined monitoring of transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potentials (TES-MEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) was attempted in microsurgery for lesions adjacent to the brainstem and intracranial aneurysms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Monitoring of combined TES-MEPs with SSEPs was attempted in 68 consecutive patients with lesions adjacent to the brainstem as well as intracranial aneurysms. Among them, 31 patients (31 operations, 28 of posterior cranial fossa tumors, 3 of posterior circulation aneurysms) were also subjected to monitoring of BAEPs. The correlation of monitoring results and clinical outcome was studied prospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Combined monitoring of evoked potentials (EPs) was done in 64 (94.1%) of the 68 patients. MEPs monitoring was impossible for 4 patients (5.9%). No complication was observed during the combined monitoring in all the patients. In 45 (66.2%) of the 68 patients, EPs were stable, and they were neurologically intact. Motor dysfunction was detected by MEPs in 8 patients, SSEPs in 5, and BAEPs in 4, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A close relationship exists between postoperative motor function and the results of TES-MEPs monitoring. TES-MEPs are superior to SSEPs and BAEPs in detecting motor dysfunction, but combined EPs serve as a safe, effective and invasive method for intraoperative monitoring of the function of the motor nervous system. Monitoring of combined EPs during microsurgery for lesions adjacent to the brainstem and intracranial aneurysms may detect potentially hazardous maneuvers and improve the safety of subsequent procedures.</p>